Interactive Advertisement The Goals Of Interactive...

In today’s world we have so many different ways we can advertise the products we are selling or if we need to let people know of an activity that is coming up. Every day there are new technologies introduced to the world. We always want to know what the next new thing is if we aren’t buying it, we are reading about it on the advertisement that they release of the new product. We read about the product on the interactive advertisement that they have posted. What is interactive advertisement and what are the goals of interactive advertising? Why do consumers use an interactive advertisement? What elements make it happen? â€Å"Stepping into the shoes† of the consumers is one of the main things that people need to think about when they see the†¦show more content†¦I hope this campaign can make its way to America and we can make it worldwide (2015). What are the advantages and disadvantages of interactive advertisement? The advantages are that it allows consumers to interpret advertisement in unique ways. It lets a consumers to see that they play a role in determining the value of marketing. Encourages consumer to engage themselves, it also lets them explore all the different ways they can make their designs better and get the products out into the world. The consumers build relationships with the product or the campaign. When a consumer is making a product they become close and personal with it. It becomes part of their lives so when it goes out into the world the consumers want to make it as popular as it can be. If we think about the advantages we can see that the advertisements bring humor and joy because they are the most important aspects of all interactive marketing campaigns. The humor part of it influences the people’s behaviors in a positive way. They are located on the left side of our brain which is the side that is used for logic, analyzing etc. The right side which deals with emotional such as humor. It makes sense that the information is relayed to make comedy means that the information saved across both side of the brain. The public can relate to the brands on a more personal and memorable level (March 25). They make it a social interaction too. Another interactive advertisement that is locatedShow MoreRelatedBrief Literature Review on Online Advetising884 Words   |  4 PagesOnline advertising Peter J. Danaher and Guy W. Mullarkey have published their research article entitled â€Å"Factors Affecting Online Advertising Recall : A Study of Students†. In this research article we examine factors that might impact on web advertising recall and recognition. These factors include the viewing mode, duration of page viewing, and web page context factors, including text and page background complexity and the style of the banner advertisement. Via an experimental design Peter JRead MorePublicity Campaigns for 4 Pines1118 Words   |  4 PagesMedia - Pubs and event venues: Craft beer bars Home brew clubs - Sales promotion and advertising at point of sales: Bottle shop advertisements 4 Pines beer coaster in pubs/venues serving 4 pines Bulk buying discounts at bottle shops - Transit advertising (busses and trains) - Outdoor (outdoor furniture, bus stops) Broadcast Media - Radio: Radio-FM-Nova,2 Day,JJJ, Radio-AM-2GB,2UE Radio online-Pandora Interactive Media - Social Media: Facebook, YouTube and Twitter - Craft beer blogs/forums - 4 PinesRead MoreThe Advantages Of Online Advertising1312 Words   |  6 Pages3.1 Advantages of Online Advertisement Better Targeting Targeting campaigns to a specific audience utilizing zip code, city, age or demographics ensures campaigns only reach highly qualified recipients. (Heindl, 2008) Achieve Specific Campaign Goals Online advertising enable advertisers to achieve specific campaign goals more strategically than traditional media. Advertisers can weigh creative by best performing, limit daily impressions through frequency caps and have better reach control byRead MorePvr Case Study Essay986 Words   |  4 Pageseffect that PVR has on advertising companies, we need to consider the needs of society and how will it benefit from this video recorder. Comfort is an important issue in today’s society. The easy programming and the large video recording space, which reaches up to 60 hours, makes this devise very desirable. Moreover, the flexibility to play the recorded program repeatedly at the viewers’ most convenient time removes the need to schedule your day based on the programs. Advertising Companies dependRead MoreAd Essay2117 Words   |  9 PagesIn a world of ubiquitous advertising chaos and consumer avoidance, it can be extremely difficult for advertisers to penetrate the clutters to reach potential consumers, probably there is no other emphatic concept has caught more interest from advertisers than engagement as it embodies a sense of involvement. (Calder 2012). Meanwhile, digital technology continues to emerge, the enveloping technologies has impacted the communication between individuals in daily life, on the other hand, it has modifiedRead MoreThe Integrated Marketing Communications Textbook898 Words   |  4 PagesIntegrated Marketing Communications textbook was discussed in great detail during weeks nine and ten of the semester. This section of the book addresses how online and interactive communications play a vital role towards interactions in the modern world. The goal of this chapter is to effectively incorporate online advertisements to deli ver messages to dedicated consumers. Over the course of this paper, it will become clear as to how a current news article applies theory from lectures and the textbookRead MoreEssay about Bbva Compass Case Study854 Words   |  4 PagesThe problems in this case are, BBVA Compass wants to achieve the following marketing goals with limited resource allocations: * Building awareness and trust in the brand. * Improve satisfaction and retention customers and cross sale to them. * Bring in new customers and increase total number of accounts through online and offline marketing. 1) The role of offline advertising is to build brand awareness and improve consideration among potential customers for opening new checkingRead MoreImpact of Sales Promotion on Sales Volume, in Unilever (Nig.) Plc1171 Words   |  5 Pagespromotion on sales volume, in UNILEVER (Nig.) PLC Introduction For years, most companies concentrated their promotional functions through the use of sales promotions through mass media advertising. In almost all aspects of marketing communication, companies depend on expertise of advertising agencies. Although, most marketers have already introduced and used other marketing communication and promotional tools, package design firms, direct marketing agencies and sales promotion were generallyRead MoreThe Effectiveness Of Branded Mobile Phones Apps1327 Words   |  6 Pagesrevolution brought significant opportunities to marketers who are seeking reliable engagement with customers (Bellman et al. 191). The Apple iPhone can be described as turning point, the first true handheld computer. This change leads to over 100,000 interactive application (â€Å"apps†) developments and improvements, also challenged other smartphone platforms, such as Google Android-powered phones. Moreover, marketers also started seeking numerous benefits from branded apps, in other words, software that isRead MoreInternet Marketing Relevance and Consumer Attitudes toward Internet Advertising1245 Words   |  5 Pagesattitudes toward Internet Advertisement. The analysis is based on a consumer survey conducted in India as well as other countries. For this purpose, a representative quota sample of Internet users in India has been interviewed. The finding of this study provides marketers with an understanding of consumers, their attitude toward advertising, so designers and marketers can better strategize their advertising designs. Internet advertising, aka Web advertising or online advertising, is a fast growing business

W.E.B. DuBois and the Fight for African-American Equality...

W.E.B. DuBois and the Fight for African-American Equality African-Americans in the 1920’s lived in a period of tension. No longer slaves, they were still not looked upon as equals by whites. However, movements such as the Harlem renaissance, as well as several African-American leaders who rose to power during this period, sought to bring the race to new heights. One of these leaders was W.E.B. DuBois, who believed that education was the solution to the race problem. The beliefs of W.E.B. DuBois, as influenced by his background, had a profound effect on his life work, including the organizations he was involved with and the type of people he attracted. His background strongly influenced the way he attacked the Negro Problem. His†¦show more content†¦Fisk was located in Tennessee, and it was here that DuBois first experienced segregation. He later wrote, I was tossed boldly into the ‘Negro Problem’ . . . I suddenly came to a region where the world was split into white and black halves, and where the darker half wa s held back by race prejudice and legal bonds, as well as by deep ignorance and dire poverty (DuBois 108). While he was at Fisk, DuBois was happy to be around so many educated African-Americans and liberal whites (McKissack 25). He went on to Harvard, where he’d always dreamed he’d go, on a scholarship (Sterne 33). At Harvard, however, DuBois chose not to socialize with many of the other Harvard students, choosing instead to spend his time with the African-Americans in Boston, encasing himself in a completely colored world (DuBois 136). While he was at Harvard, DuBois felt the purpose of his work was to improve the condition of the race as a whole (qtd. in McKissack, 30). DuBois went on to get his masters degree and doctorate from Harvard as well. It was during these educational years that DuBois further solidified his belief that education was the remedy for his people. DuBois felt the problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color-line, --the relation of the darker to the lighter races of men in Asia and Africa, in America and the islands of the seas (qtd. in Weinberg, 81). DuBois main theory wasShow MoreRelatedBooker T Washington And W. E. B. Dubois Persuasive Essay1326 Words   |  6 PagesPassive vs. Aggressive Fight for Rights There was no right to vote, no right to education, no freedom of speech or religion, no fair treatment by the law which means there was no equality. Even though these are rights and principles of the American Constitution, these did not apply to all races during the 19th and 20th centuries, especially African Americans. Even though these are rights that should apply to all people African Americans didn’t not apply to these laws, especially in the SouthernRead MoreBooker T. Washington : The First Leader Of The Civil Rights Movement933 Words   |  4 Pagesmovement. All African Americans looked to him for advice on how to overcome their current situation. However, as time moved on, W.E.B. DuBois became his opponent. A person would think that Washington and DuBois would have worked together for a common goal, but this was not the case. Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois both strived for equality and justice for the African American race. However, these two had very differen t ways to achieve this goal. While Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois appearedRead MoreCompare And Contrast Web Du Webois And Booker T. Dubois813 Words   |  4 PagesW.E.B Du Bois and Booker T. Washington were both African American leaders of the 20th Century. However, they strongly differed on creating racial justice in the United States. Their difference in philosophies is still found in much of todays discussions about how to end class and racial injustice. DuBois believed that blacks should fight for their rights by being intellectual and starting at the bottom to end up at the peak of the mountain. Strongly reside in the aspect of W.E.B DuBois. W.E.BRead MoreW.E.B. Dubois Essay823 Words   |  4 PagesW.E.B. Dubois The great African American intellectual W.E.B. Dubois was born in the post-Civil War era. Being born at this time encouraged him to fight for equalRead MoreBooker T Dubois Compare And Contrast Essay1110 Words   |  5 Pagesstark differences between Booker T Washington and W.E.B. DuBois and their approaches to racism Do you believe that slow and steady wins the race, or that when talking about civil rights the sooner the better? Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois were two very influential people who fought for the rights of African Americans in the late 1880’s to early 1900’s. Although both men were fighting for the same thing, their views on how to approach equality and their personal tactics were very different.Read MoreA Brief Biography of W.E.B. Dubois1448 Words   |  6 PagesBurkhardt DuBois, whom we all know as W.E.B. DuBois; was a novelist, public speaker, poet, editor, author, leader, teacher, scholar, and romantic. He graduated from high school at the age of 16, and was selected as the valedictorian, being that he was the only black in his graduating class of 12. He was orphaned shortly after his graduation and was forced to fund his own college education. He was a pioneer in black political thoughts and known by many as a main figure in the history of African-America nRead MoreBlack Nationalism927 Words   |  4 PagesThe Title: DuBois and Black Nationalism The Epigraph: The colored people are coming to face the fact quite calmly that most white Americans do not like them, and are planning neither for their survival, nor their definite future W.E.B. DuBois A Negro Nation within the Nation The Premise: Black Nationalism is a pragmatic solution for the success and survival of the oppressed African Americans. The Argument: Black Nationalism is defined by Karenga, as the political belief and practiceRead MoreThe Life and Writings of W.E.B. DuBois Essay1684 Words   |  7 PagesBurkhardt DuBois, whom we all know as W.E.B. DuBois; was a novelist, public speaker, poet, editor, author, leader, teacher, scholar, and romantic. He graduated from high school at the age of 16, and was selected as the valedictorian, being that he was the only black in his graduating class of 12. He was orphaned shortly after his graduation and was forced to fund his own college education. He was a pioneer in black political thoughts and known by many as a main figure in the history of African-AmericanRead MoreB. Dubois s Returning Soldiers793 Words   |  4 PagesW.E.B. DuBois’ â€Å"Returning Soldiers,† an editorial piece written in May of 1919 for the NAACP’s publication The Crisis lays out for not just returning soldiers, but for African-Americans as a whole that the war is not over. While the Great War of 1914-1918 may have ended, there is still a greater war to continue to fight on the American homefront. â€Å"Returning Soldiers† calls out the United States government on the charges against its people as seen by DuBois and reiterates and rejuvenates the readerRead MoreW. E. Duboiss Niagara Movement1193 Words   |  5 PagesW.E.B DuBois, a well known civil liberties advocate, in his speech, Niagara Movement, illuminates the need for racial equality in America. DuBois’ purpose is to call white Americans to action, as well as highlight the effects of the African American’s white superiors excluding them from simple, constitutionally given, liberties. He adopts an authoritative tone in order to establish a feeling of guilt for the white people who determine the rights given to African-Americans. W.E.B DuBois convinces

Lululemon Case Study Essay - 947 Words

LULULEMON CASE STUDY FEBURARY 9, 2013 Question # 1 SWOT Strengths: niche market leader, product technology, customer focused, quality, innovation, brand, corporate social responsibility, and sustainability Weaknesses: perceived female focus, Local centricity, price point, inventory, perceived as yoga only, distribution, and access to stores Opportunities: Product diversification, line expansion, accessories, leveraging perceived expertise, category leader, and expert Threats: Buyout, fad potential, low barriers to entry, competition, global economic state, and unfavourable exchange PEST Political: childhood obesity, costs on healthcare, tax incentives for extra-curricular programs, healthier lifestyles and thinking, and†¦show more content†¦This permits Lululemon to set the prices high and enjoy higher profit margins. The company’s products are extremely unique which also drops the bargaining power of buyers. Industry Rivalry: Nike Yoga, The Gap Athleta, Adidas, Lotuswear, Under Armour Question # 2 Resources and Capabilities Active brand connection with consumers, its own distribution and high quality products enabled the company to offset a high threat of substitutes and intense rivalry among competing firms. This results in extremely loyal customer base and brand popularity. Their intangible resources include company’s reputation, customer interaction, brand name and the perception of the product quality. While tangible resources are its stores (300 stores in Canada, United States, Australia and Hong Kong), distribution channels, and knowledgeable work staff. Human Resources include the empowerment of its employees by turning them into educators and engaging them into many aspects of the retail operations as well as marketing, advertising and clothing design. Capabilities derive from the following functional areas: human resources, management, manufacturing and marketing. The company has an ability to envision the future of clothing and managed to create an effective culture that is hard to copy. From marketing perspective, Lululemon’s strategy is based on innovative, low-cost promotion strategies, effective merchandising through its front store and superior customer service.Show MoreRelatedLululemon Case Study2260 Words   |  10 PagesAssignment for Course: MGT 5090 – Entrepreneurial and Strategic Thinking Submitted to: Dr. Regina A. Greenwood Submitted by: Anais Carrasco Date of Submission: May 30th, 2013 Title of Assignment: CASE 4 – Lululemon Athletica Inc. CERTIFICATION OF AUTHORSHIP: I certify that I am the author of this paper and that any assistance I received in its preparation is fully acknowledge and disclosed in the paper. I have also cited any sources from which I usedRead MoreLululemon Case Study1306 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment 1 Case Study Lululemon 1. Considering the five forces of competition and how they direct the profit potential for a given industry, discuss how the forces help explain Lululemon’s performance. 2. The resource-based model assumes that each organization is a collection of resources and capabilities, which provide the basis for a firm‘s strategy and its primary source of above-average returns. Use this this model to outline Lululemon‘s core competencies and how their capabilitiesRead MoreLululemon Case Study1609 Words   |  7 PagesCase Study- lululemon Ethics and Social Responsibility Executive Summary Founded in 1998, lululemon has become an extremely successful company. Over the last 12 years of operation, its mission is to improve health, make a difference in all the communities it is located in, and provide guests with quality products to help them live healthy lives. Currently, lululemon still strives to make a difference in each community through the Community Legacies Program. Plans for expansion are also in effectRead MoreLululemon Case Study1094 Words   |  5 Pagesfood chains, which appeal to the youth, such as Chipotle and offer take-out delivery. Personally, I see Amazon capturing the food delivery service in the near future. However, some analysts such as Derrick, believe Amazon’s next step is to acquire Lululemon. All of this suggestion is highly probable. In the next century, it would not be surprising to see if Amazon was able to compete for all of these suggestions. Costco Costco’s channel management is certainly one of the reasons why the organizationRead MoreLululemon Case Study Essay example780 Words   |  4 Pageslevels increase, and also, the introduction of women-oriented gyms has also increased the customer base by encouraging more women to partake in fitness. Moreover, the technologies of designing and manufactured apparel have been constantly improved. Lululemon`s fastest wicking fabric is primarily used in running gear for women and men which the moisture wicking is inherent in the fabric so will last for the life of the garment. The analysis from porter`s five forces shows: Rivalry between establishedRead MoreLULULEMON Ethical BehaviourSocial Responsibility1467 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ETHICAL BEHAVIOUR AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY lululemon athletica There are many ways to measure the success of a business. A financial analysis of lululemon athletica, a Vancouver-based company, would show that it is valued at more than $220 million. Would looking at an improved level of health in its community be another way to measure the success of this company? lululemon athletica founder Chip Wilson would welcome your investigation of the improved health and well-being of people in the communitiesRead MoreThe Problem Of Defective Yoga Pants1297 Words   |  6 PagesBackground: This case study analysis will define the problem of defective yoga pants products, corporate corruption, and the growing media conflict of â€Å"weigh shaming† in the sizes-2-12 limits on Lululemon yoga pants. Lululemon has seen a fall in the price of stock market shares due to these major defects of yoga pants products and corporate unethical decision making processes. The Problem: Lululemon has a growing reputation for making defective yoga pants (due to sheerness and â€Å"see-through†)Read MoreLululemon Athletica Inc. Case Analysis1506 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper commences by defining the problems that were faced by Lululemon Athletica Inc in 2013. After, the author explores the causes of the issues that the company was experiencing and the effects that they had on Lululemon Athletica Inc. The next step is to look at ways in which the issues could have been addressed both for the short-term and long-term. When all is said and done, the audience will fully appreciate why â€Å"Lululemon Athletica Inc should revert to its fundamentals – that is, to concentrateRead MoreQuality And Quality Of Product Quality1268 Words   |  6 Pages†¨In this report I will be focusing on Quality Control, Quality Assurance, Product Specifications and why they are all so important in terms of product quality. I will also look at an instance of product q uality failure, in this particular example Lululemon had to recall certain products because they had failed to adequately test the quality of those products. I will identify exactly what happened, why it happened and what was done to rectify the situation. †¨ 2.0 Background Information†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨2.1 QualityRead MoreLululemon2462 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction Lululemon is one of the Canada’s best retailers of technical athletic yoga apparel. Lululemon’s yoga inspired apparel is marketed under the two brand names Lululemon Athletica for more mature women and Ivivva Athletica for younger girls. Lululemon primary target customers are educated and hard working women, who understand the importance of healthy and active lifestyle. Majority of these women are Caucasian who are mainly urban and have higher income, since Lululemon is an expensive

Should Bipolar Disorder Be Diagnosed Children - 1731 Words

Should Bipolar Disorder be Diagnosed in Children? Emily Gell Brookdale Community College Manic depression disorder, more commonly known today as bipolar disorder, is a mental illness that can affect any age, race, or gender. It is not prejudiced, and has a grim prognosis if the symptoms are not treated or controlled in some fashion. Bipolar disorder is, by Boris Birmaher as the presence of recurrent episodes of mania or hypomania with and without episodes of depression (Birmaher, 2013). As explained by Hockenbury and Hockenbury, a manic episode can be sudden and escalates the emotional state of the individual causing them to have extreme euphoria, as well as more excitement, physical energy, and a more rapid thought and speech process. A depressive episode can also come on suddenly and leaves the individual in a lost state, where they are tired, and no longer find enjoyment from activities that they once loved and could lead to suicidal thoughts or actions (Hockenbury Hockenbury, 2014). A person does not mentally mature fully until about the age of 25. Meaning that a 25 year old has different brain processes than a 10 year old. Because of this, there have been many studies conducted on the controversy between whether or not bipolar disorder should be diagnosed in children and adolescents. Though there is a difference in symptoms between adults and children being diagnosed with bipolar disorder, both can still be diagnosed with several different subtypesShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome1659 Words   |  7 Pagesit exist. â€Å"Bipolar disorder affects approximately 5.7 million adult Americans, or about 2.6% of the U.S. population age 18 and older every year† (National Institute of Mental Health). Some of us need real help but don’t know who to go to for help. You might be feeling out of place, insane, irritable, euphoric, and talkative at the same time. When an individual has been diagnosed with Bipolar disorder they should follow the doctor’s orders to help them. People in the world today should understandRead MoreBipolar Disorder. Bipolar Disorder Also Known As Manic1598 Words   |  7 PagesBipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder also known as manic depression that causes multiple unusual mood swings; dealing with manic highs and depressive lows. It may also affect their ability to do everyday tasks. When depressed, there is a sense of hopelessness and sad. Even in regular activities person with disorder will lose interest. Person will deal with low energy and low energy. Also, they may deal with a feeling of euphoria, full of energy. These patterns will cause the person to lose sleep, affectingRead MoreBipolar Disorder ( Bipolar )847 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Bipolar Disorder† Bipolar Disorder is a mental illness, which involves hypomanic episodes, which are changes in someone’s usual mood. Originally, Bipolar Disorder was called manic depression because it does share similar symptoms with people diagnosed with depression. Bipolar Disorder is a severe condition because it can cause mania, which then causes hallucinations and paranoid rage. (Bipolar Disorder) Bipolar Disorder is classified into two categories, bipolar type 1 and bipolar type 2. BipolarRead MoreWhat Are Bipolar Disorder?1240 Words   |  5 Pagesincrease in the number of children in today’s society that are diagnosed with mental illness, especially that of bipolar disorder, does not seem to come as much of a surprise to anyone. Yet, why is this? Is the recent over-diagnosis due in part to fault within the definition of what pediatric bipolar disorder actually is? Many believe this to be the case; while others support the notion that bipolar disorder is not over diagnosed and the recent prevalence of the disorder is the result of increasedRead MoreTaking a Look at Bipolar Disorder1363 Words   |  6 Pagesmany mental disorders that effect how a person and the person body interpret information and respond to the world. Bipolar disorder is a commonly known disorder that effects a fair amount of people today. It is a disorder that varies in degree and most people can learn how to live with and have a good life. This paper will discuss in more detail what Bipolar is and how it effects a person body physically, neurologically, emotionally, and spiritually. Bipolar is a mental disorder that anyoneRead MoreManagement of Bipolar Disorder in Adults and Diagnosis in Adolescent Children726 Words   |  3 Pages Management of Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder when individuals experience episodes of mania and depression. The medications used in treating bipolar disorder have been effective when properly diagnosed, but there is a risk of suicide while undergoing therapy. Treatments for bipolar disorder our on the market but they can only treat the mania or the depression, which is why the patient needs to be under supervision. When a person does not followRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder1137 Words   |  5 Pagesto be longer measures taken to evaluate children before they are diagnosed and treated for bipolar disorder. It is possible to diagnose and treat bipolar disorder in children as long as the doctor is absolutely certain. There are multiple problems when it comes to diagnosing bipolar disorder in children. *come back and add more* A big problems is determining bipolar disorder in children because a child is hard to do an evaluation on. It’s not that children are liars and incompetent of telling peopleRead MoreBipolar Disorder : A Serious Mental Condition1174 Words   |  5 Pages Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder (BPD) is known to be a serious mental condition. Bipolar disorder is also classified as manic-depressive disorder. It is characterized as malfunction with the brain by mood changes that includes a persistent increasing activity or energy levels. This serious condition is first diagnosed in young adults or adolescence. Diagnosis Bipolar disease is first diagnosed in young adulthood or adolescence. Diagnosis is said to be obvious, when the patient is showing floridRead MoreBipolar Disorder1690 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Bipolar Disorder Abstract When many hear the words Bipolar disorder, they immediately think someone is borderline psycho. Known originally as manic depression, Bipolar Disorder is a mental illness that creates mood swings that affect an individual’s behavior and emotions, which can result in a lot of pain. This disorder has two types: Type I and Type II with both having manic and depressive phases in each. These phases are episodes that have symptomsRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Its Effects1660 Words   |  7 Pagespeople think of bipolar disorder, they may imagine a person who first is happy, jolly, and friendly. Then, the next moment that person is an angry, bitter, and irritated. According to many research studies, bipolar is much more than what people think. In this paper, I will elaborate on what bipolar disorder is, the differential diagnosis of bipolar disorder, the causes and risks, populations who are mostly affected and treatments to stabilize it. Bipolar disorder is a mental disorder. It appears

Poulantzas’ Approach To The Capitalist State Free Essays

string(46) " draws its power from these \(Kalyvas 1999\)\." Abstract Nicos Poulantzas is a Greek-Marxist political sociologist who is famous for his Althusseran account of the State’s relative autonomy. He has on many occasions been referenced by the ‘New Left Review’ especially in relation to the state debate with Ralph Miliband and his support for Structural Marxism. Despite being widely known, little is known about his theory of the state and often is labeled as a ‘class-struggle reductionist’ or ‘structuralist’; expressions that both fail to capture his complex theory of the state. We will write a custom essay sample on Poulantzas’ Approach To The Capitalist State or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this paper, we provide a more rounded portrayal of Poulantza’ theory of the capitalist state. In particular, the paper analyzes the nature of the capitalist state from Poulantzas’ perspective and explores how his pathbreaking analysis provides important insights to understanding the behaviour of the state and the state’s structure. This will include exploring the liberal view of the state and the communist orthodox of ‘state monopoly capitalism’. Against the notion of the state being a pliant tool of monopoly capital, this paper will identify the state as both the crystalization and locus of class struggle. It will reject the liberal pluralistic-functionalist approaches and try to draw attention to ucomplex social theory: the view of the state as a material condensation of relationships among classes and its relative autonomy from the dominant class. Additionally, the paper examines the political implications of this ; and finally, it explores the changing face of economic relations which has been facilitated by globalization, work reorganization and knowledge transmission. Introduction Nicos Poulantzas is widely known as an alleged proponent of Structural Marxism (Walsh 2012). He is also most famous for his Althusseran account of the State’s’ relative autonomy’. The greatest appeal of his state theory can be seen in Britain as evident with the New Left Review which has enthusiastically taken up his cause (Clarke 1991). Although Nicos Poulantzas has on many occasions been referenced by the organized left, especially in relation to the state debate with Ralph Miliband and his support for Structural Marxism; it should be noted that neither of these contexts gives an accurate representation of this dynamic thinker (Walsh 2012). For example, the Miliband debate provides only a small reflection of Poulantzas’ theory of capitalist state. Despite being a renowned Marxist political sociologist, little is known about his theory of the state. Often, he is labeled as a ‘class-struggle reductionist’ or ‘structuralist’; expressions that both fail to capture his complex theory of the state (Tabak 1999). While his theory is seldom discussed in certain areas of the academic circles; it is important to note that he is amongst the most important post-war theorists especially to those that seek to advance Marxist state theories beyond crude instrumentalism and subjectivism (Walsh 2012). For this reason, this paper provides a more rounded portrayal of Poulantzas’s theory of the capitalist state. In particular, the paper analyzes the nature of the capitalist state from Poulantzas’ perspective and explores how his pathbreaking analysis provides important insights to understanding the behaviour of the state and the state’s structure. Additionally, the paper examines the political implications of his view. The power bloc In order to get a clear perspective of Poulantzas’s state theory, it is important to first examine the power bloc. It is a widely accepted fact that for every society, there is an array of classes that form the dominant and dominated classes. In this respect, Poulantzas noted that the economically dominant class could only establish political dominance in the society through the capitalist state (Walsh 2012). He called this group of dominant class the ‘power bloc’ which comprises of the capitalist class and the economically powerful classes. The interests of the power bloc are heteros and the make-up and balance of forces in the power bloc vary from state to state (Walsh 2012). Undeniably, for every society, there will always be contradictory and competing interests especially among the different ruling classes. Given the divergent interests of the power bloc, it becomes the state’s primary role to ensure that such conflicting interests within the power bloc do not undermine the dominance of the bloc as a whole nor pose threat to unity. It thus becomes the role of the state to unify and organize the various classes and to uphold their political interests without posing threat to unity. It follows that the class differences within the power bloc should not hinder the state’s task of maintaining unity and the subordinance of the subaltern classes. Poulantzas, in this respect, views the state as playing an active role in the reproduction of relations and maintenance of class-hierarchical status quo (Kalyvas 1999). Globalization and the State The current literature available on globalization takes a more liberal view of the State, the view that the State is a territorial institution with centralized control over its territories (Tabak 1999). According to the liberal view, the state is treated as an entity with its own unique power. Thus the power of the state becomes discharged when multinationals exit its territory (Tabak 1999). Others, sharing a similar view, argue that when multinationals exit the state’s territory, the state may not necessarily become powerless as not enough capital has escaped the territorial state’s domain to make it obsolete (Lenin 2012). This paper, however, challenges this view from Poulantzas’s perspective of the state. The paper argues that these approaches fail to identify the source of the State’s autonomy. Poulantzas’s state theory In the state theory, Poulantzas seems less concerned to disprove liberal democratic theory but rather criticizes the communist orthodox of ‘state monopoly capitalism’ (Kalyvas 1999). Against this notion that the state is a pliant tool of monopoly capital, Poulantzas rejects the liberal pluralistic-functionalist approaches and draws the attention of mainstream political science to his complex social theory (Kalyvas 1999). According to Nicos Poulantzas, the power of the state is not confined in a more or less rational actor/institution and its nature is independent of its territoriality (Kalyvas 1999). The state’s institutionalism is a reflection of the contradictory social relations and the state draws its power from these (Kalyvas 1999). You read "Poulantzas’ Approach To The Capitalist State" in category "Essay examples" The state’s existence is thus driven by contradictory social relations and can be viewed as an institutionalized power relationship that transcends the national territory and the territorial nation; both of which are not essential for its existence. Poulantzas state theory reaffirm’s the view that the political realm is independent and is not, as articulated in classical Marxism, a reflection of the economic realm. He thinks of the state’s autonomy as central in all circumstances and independent of its territory. According to Poulantzas, the state is by definition a capitalist state, which constitutes the political unity of the dominant classes, thereby establishing them as dominant (Poulantzas 2000: p.77 ). He rejects the so-called instrumentalist perspective articulated by Miliband on grounds that the states autonomy is independent of the ruling class and argues that the state is not a mere instrument of the ruling or dominant class, but is instead a separate entity with its own agenda. This state theory developed by Poulantzas has its roots in his political theory which proposes a regional approach to understanding and analyzing the different levels in a social formation: political, economic and ideological levels (Poulantzas 2000). His early work was, however, subject to criticism on the grounds that it was severely functionalist, failing to show exactly how the state fulfils its role as the ‘factor of cohesion’ (Rooksby 2012). Critics also argued that Poulantzas’s approach presented the political and economic ‘regions’ as distinct rather than simply analytically (Rooksby 2012). Criticism was also raised on grounds that his emphasis on determining the role of structural matrix in the capitalist society could not possibly be combined with the idea of contingent class struggle (Rooksby 2012). Poulantzas later work, state, power, socialism, is far more superior to his early work and represents a major advance in his thinking. In this final work, this Greek Marxist sociologist rejects the Althusseran underpinnings thereby overcoming many of the criticism raised with his early work. The starting point of the analysis of the capitalist state shifts from the assumption of a determinant structural matrix to one that examines the nature of relations of production in the capitalist mode of production (Rooksby 2012). With a shift in focus, Poulantzas was able to develop a more improved theory of the state. In this final piece, he provides a brilliant analysis of capitalism by conceptualizing a state that materializes and concentrates power and one that provides political space for class struggle (Poulantzas 2000). His analysis identifies the state as both the crystallization and locus of class struggle. On one side,there is a class struggle over the organization of production, knowledge and over state’s juridical apparatuses (Poulantzas 2000). It thus becomes the state’s role to reintegrate and unify separated and individualized workers into one nation. On the other side, this integration takes place in the context of class struggle and the state and other institutions are a product of such struggle (Poulantzas 2000). His theory of the state is in response to the simplistic understandings within Marxism which posited that the state was a mere reflection of the dominant class and that state policy was a direct expression of this ruling class political will (Clarke 1991). In the Marxist scheme, the dominant class is one that owns or controls the means of production; and one in which its interests the state corresponds (Clarke 1991). That means that the dominant class may use the state power as an instrument to achieve its dominance in the society. Poulantzas disagreed with the Instrumentalist Marxist view and instead argued that the capitalist class was more focused on individual profit rather than maintaining class’s power as a whole (Poulantzas 2000). Against the instrumentalist approach, Poulantzas argues that the state is more of a material condensation of the relationship among the various classes and that intrinsic class struggle of the capitalist system is hardwired into the state’s mainframe, thus the state’s actions and policy cannot be solely dictated by the ruling class (Poulantzas 2000). Owing a considerable debt to the notion of ‘cultural hegemony’ articulated by Antonio Gramsci; Poulantzas also argues that the repressing movements of the oppressed are by no means the state’s sole function (Salomon 2012). He argues that instead the state power obtains consent of the oppressed through class alliances, wherein the ruling class creates an alliance with the oppressed groups in order to obtain their consent. According to Poulantzas, the state is neither an instrumentalist depository of the ruling class-power nor a subject with its own abstract power; but is rather the centre of the exercise of power. Implications of this view Drawing from the above, it can be argued that the theory of the capitalist state comprise of three dialectical moments which, besides being autonomous, are also co-determinants of each other: the state as an institution, state as a function and state as a relation (Tabak 1999). The state is an institution in the sense of its embodiment in its personnel and apparatuses. As articulated by Poulantzas, the state is a centralized apparatus that comprise of an assemblage of impersonal and anonymous functions (Tabak 1999). While Members within institution-state may come from different classes, they follow a specific internal unity. The state can also be viewed as a function, with political, economic and ideological functionality (Tabak 1999). When the three categories are combined, the state performs an objective function, maintaining social cohesion in order to ensure continuing accumulation of capital. There are many facets to this function of cohesion: first, the state serves as a function by creating what is referred to by Poulantzas as a â€Å"people-nation† (Tabak 1999). Second, it serves as a function by playing a constitutive role in the reproduction of class powers (Tabak 1999). Given the above, it can be seen that the state’s functionality makes possible its institutionality. On the other hand, its institutionality is circumscribed by and casually embedded in its functionality (Tabak 1999). This coexistence is constantly reproduced by social relations, bringing us to the third moment, state as a relation. By state as a relation, Poulantzas implies that the state is a condensate of a relation of power between struggling classes (Tabak 1999). Conceiving the state as a relation, means grasping the fact that it is the resultant of contradictions and that it is destined reproduce class divisions. State’s autonomy These three moments define the nature of the state and the state’s relative autonomy. The three moments are also dialectically linked to two processes: first, the distinction between the political and the economic; relations of production-consumption-circulation and the state (capitalist mode of production) (Tabak 1999: p.139). Second, specificity of the constitution of classes and of class struggle in the capitalist mode of production (Tabak 1999: p.139) In capitalism, for example, the surplus mode of extraction requires a functionally autonomous state (Tabak 1999: p. 140). This is due to the fact that production and valorization of products in the market are two separate processes. While the control of production rests largely in the hands of the capitalist, product circulation and valorization in the global market is beyond the capitalist’s individual control. It thus requires the presence of an overarching force such as the state which will follow the overall logic of surplus creation and ensure surplus extraction (Tabak 1999). Criticism of Poulantzas state theory Several questions have, however, been raised with regard to Poulantzas approach and his emphasis on the state’s relative autonomy. Questions such as: how relative is relativeUnder what circumstances can we consider it as more or lessMore so, what form does the autonomy assumeThese key questions have been raised in political discourse and Poulantzas approach critiqued as having not provided a satisfactory answer to them. Poulantzas approach has been critiqued as undermining his attempt to explain the nature of the relationship between the state and the dominant class. His approach is also seen as subverting the very concept of relative autonomy that it proposes. Poulantzas argues against structuralism stating that the state’s power is not located in the levels of structures but is instead an effect of ensemble of these levels (Miliband 1970). The concept of power is thus not applicable to one level of the structure. From this view, the state power does not in itself imply state’s articulation at other structural levels. It can only mean the power of determinate class whose interests are prioritized by the state (Miliband 1970). This, however, may not necessarily be true as it would imply depriving the state of its autonomy and turning it into a mere instrument of the determinate class. In line with this view, Poulantzas argues that the state possess its autonomy and structural specificity which cannot be easily reduced to an analysis in terms of power (Jessop 2009). This concession, however, does not seem to dissipate the confusion but rather serves to compound it. Failure by Poulantzas to differentiate between state power and class power is suggested to be the main reason for this confusion. While state power is considered ultimate, it is not the only means to maintaining and assuring class power. The lack of a clear distinction between class power and state power prevents his analysis from providing satisfactory answer to the above questions. By now, it is an acknowledged fact that Poulantzas tended to place a lot of emphasis on the differences and relations between class fractions in the capitalist state. While stressing this fact is important and needs to be comprehended in the analysis of the capitalist state; his emphasis on these differences and relations may obscure the underlying cohesion of these elements and critics may well use these differences to deny the fundamental cohesion of the capitalist class (Miliband 1970). Nonetheless, Poulantzas work has been particularly influential even though his legacy remains ambivalent. This is evident with his state theory, which has become a major contribution to the theoretical agenda on this topic, especially the so-called ‘relative autonomy’ of the state. By creating space for a ‘relatively autonomous’ Marxist political science and defining the nature of the capitalist state, the state’s structure and state’s autonomy; Poulantzas’s work has clearly been influential. Conclusion In essence, Poulantzas’s view of the state goes against instrumentalism which sees the state as solely depending on the dominant class or those that man its top structures. Rather, he sees the state from a ‘functional’ view as fulfilling society’s needs of which it is part. There is no doubt that Poulantzas’s state theory has been influential with his work often referenced by the organized left. He has made important contributions to the theoretical agenda on capitalist state by analyzing the nature of the capitalist state and providing important insights to the understanding of the state, its structure and its autonomy. Undeniably, Poulantzas has made important contributions to this theoretical debate. First, he made a major contribution to the capitalist state theory that goes beyond the conventional Marxist analyses. Second, he developed a broader approach to the state as a relation, viewing the state as the ‘condensate of class relations’. Additionally, his analysis of the current form of capitalist type of state can be seen with ‘authoritarian statism’ which is far more evident today than before, especially in France and Germany. More recently, however, Poulantzas analysis seems to have been widely neglected. Over the past few years, much has changed with economic relations being transformed by globalization, compression of space and time, work reorganization and knowledge transmission which has been facilitated by information and communications revolution. There has been a shift of locus of relation away from the nation state which was fundamental to Poulantzas’s analysis. Nonetheless, he remains one of the most important post-war theorists to advance Marxist state theories beyond crude instrumentalism and subjectivism. Reference Miliband, R., 1970. The Capitalist state: reply to Nicos Poulantzas. New Left Review Salomon, C., 2012. ‘The great transformation of the Poulantzasian modern capitalist state under Globalization’. Journal of Political Inquiry Kalyvas, A., 1999. ‘The stateless theory: Poulantzas’s challenge to postmodernism’. Journal of Hellenic Diaspora Tabak, 1999. ‘A poulantzasian approach to the state and globalization’. Journal of Hellenic Diaspora Carnoy, M. and M. Castells, 2002. ‘Globalization, the knowledge society, and the Network state: Poulantzas at the millennium’. Global Networks, vol. 1 (1) Jessop, B., 2009. Poulantzas’s state, power, socialism as a modern classic. [Viewed on 10th December 2012] available from http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-44782009000200010. Poulantzas, N., 2000. State, power, socialism. New edition. Verso Books Walsh, C., 2012. Nicos Poulantzas and the capitalist state. Scotland: International Socialist Group Lenin, 2012. Terrifyingly real: Poulantzas and the capitalist state. [viewed on 10th December 2012] available from http://www.leninology.com/2012/01/terrifyingly-real-poulantzas-and.html Rooksby, 2012. Towards a better theory of the capitalist state: combining block’s and poulantzas’ approaches. [Viewed on 10th december 2012] available from http://www.academia.edu/693189/Towards_a_Better_Theory_of_the_Capitalist_State_Combining_Blocks_and_Poulantzas_Approaches Clark, S., 1991. The State debate. Macmillan publishers. How to cite Poulantzas’ Approach To The Capitalist State, Essay examples

Much Ado about noting Essay Example For Students

Much Ado about noting Essay Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing is a comedy dealing with ideas of conventional love and the institution of marriage. The play revolves around the events leading up to the marriage of Claudio and Hero. As the plot unfolds, Claudios disposition towards Hero changes drastically from love to loathing. The essence of Claudios love for Hero seems to be lacking in his actions and speeches. It may be noted that Claudios name is derived from Claudius meaning crippled. 1 Although Much Ado is considered to be a romantic comedy, it comes close to being a dark comedy due to Claudios failure as a lover. At the beginning of the play Don Pedro, prince of Aragon and his officers Claudio and Benedick return from war and are invited to a masquerade at the house of Leonato, governor of Messina. Upon his return, Claudio immediately falls in love with Leonatos daughter, Hero. In a private talk with Benedick and Don Pedro, Claudio praises Hero claiming, she is the sweetest lady that ever I looked on. (I, I, 181) While this new love for Hero appears suspicious, Claudio reassures his love stating, I looked upon her with a soldiers eye But now I am returned and that war-thoughts have left their places vacant, in their rooms. (I, I, 288) Though Claudio appears honest with his words, it is then discovered that Claudio is also interested in her wealth when he asks if Leonato has any sons to which Don Pedro replies that Hero is his only heir. Claudios conflicting words pose the question of whether he truly loves Hero or if he is just in it for the money. Claudios first interaction with Hero is at the masquerade. Don Pedro has agreed to woo Hero on his behalf. With Don Pedro succeeding and Leonatos consent, Claudio is given Heros hand in marriage. After an awkward silence between the two, Heros cousin Beatrice urges Claudio to speak saying it is his cue. Claudio proceeds: Silence is the perfectest herald of joy. I were but little happy if I could say how much. Lady as you are mine, I am yours. I give away myself for you and dote upon the exchange. (II, I, 303) For a man who claims to be in love, his first words to his lover are not very romantic. His words are not very poetic nor do they reflect her physicality which he praised earlier on. Despite his earlier claims Claudio does not appear to be sexually attracted to Hero, yet he is given permission to marry her. In addition Hero does not response to his speech nor did she have any say in the marriage. Towards the end of the play Don John, bastard brother of Don Pedro stages a scene between his servant Borachio making love to Heros maid Margaret dressed up in her clothing. Claudio and Don Pedro witness this scene and are convinced that Hero is cheating on Claudio. The day of the wedding is Claudio at his worst. It is bad enough that Claudio publicly humiliates her, but to do it on her wedding day is just cruel. Claudio emotionally proclaims, She knows the heat of a luxurious bed; her blush his guiltiness, not modesty. (IV, I, 39) implying that Hero is nothing but a whore. It is interesting that he displays more emotion denouncing her than praising her. One critic believes Claudios harshest terms are the ones said to Leonato, Give not this rotten orange to your friend. (IV, I, 31) 2 His speech is so extreme that Hero faints. Claudio leaves the church without looking back. .u7c27fcf40358f2e76a1f8c382bebf7df , .u7c27fcf40358f2e76a1f8c382bebf7df .postImageUrl , .u7c27fcf40358f2e76a1f8c382bebf7df .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7c27fcf40358f2e76a1f8c382bebf7df , .u7c27fcf40358f2e76a1f8c382bebf7df:hover , .u7c27fcf40358f2e76a1f8c382bebf7df:visited , .u7c27fcf40358f2e76a1f8c382bebf7df:active { border:0!important; } .u7c27fcf40358f2e76a1f8c382bebf7df .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7c27fcf40358f2e76a1f8c382bebf7df { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7c27fcf40358f2e76a1f8c382bebf7df:active , .u7c27fcf40358f2e76a1f8c382bebf7df:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7c27fcf40358f2e76a1f8c382bebf7df .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7c27fcf40358f2e76a1f8c382bebf7df .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7c27fcf40358f2e76a1f8c382bebf7df .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7c27fcf40358f2e76a1f8c382bebf7df .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7c27fcf40358f2e76a1f8c382bebf7df:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7c27fcf40358f2e76a1f8c382bebf7df .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7c27fcf40358f2e76a1f8c382bebf7df .u7c27fcf40358f2e76a1f8c382bebf7df-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7c27fcf40358f2e76a1f8c382bebf7df:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Poetry Anthology EssayThe metamorphosis of Claudio from a poor love-sick puppy to a cruel almost inhuman being is the most disturbing aspect of Much Ado. Claudio finds out that he and Don Pedro have mistaken Margaret for Hero. At this point he thinks Hero had died from his slandering. To clear her name, Claudio must write an epitaph for Hero and marry her unwed cousin. Done to death by slanderous tongues was the Hero that here lies; death in guerdon of her wrongs, gives her fame which never dies. So the life that died with shame lives in death with glorious fame. (V, iii, 3) Heros epitaph, like Claudios first words to her lack substance. There is hardly anything in the epitaph about her and certainly nothing about his involvement. His words suggest that he does not feel even the smallest shred of sorrow or remorse. If Much Ado About Nothing is regarded as a dark comedy, Claudio is reason. His failure as a conventional lover and as a human being are the cause of this disturbing aspect. Poet Andrew Lang regards Claudio as the real villain of the play. References 1. Wikipedia, Much Ado About Nothing, http://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/Much_Ado_About_Nothing, October 18, 2009.